Close Search Close

 

  • Comics
  • Theatre
  • Site News

Ugh, Atlas Shrugged

Strap yourself yourself in for the worst book I've ever read.

Thereโ€™s a scene towards the middle of Atlas Shrugged that ended up serving as a useful symbol for the whole thing. In Part II, Chapter IV, Hank Rearden is put on trial for selling his patented Rearden Metal to Ken Danagger in defiance of a new law making it illegal to sell to anyone but the government. When the trial begins, one of the judges – for there are three – asks him to put in a plea. He refuses, and refuses to recognize the legitimacy of the court. This baffles and befuddles the judges, who are left with no idea of how to proceed or what to do with him.

Who is John Galt?

Now, Iโ€™ve never been arrested. Iโ€™ve never been called to jury duty, Iโ€™ve never even been inside a courtroom. I am not what people would refer to as a worldly man. But even I have the capacity to imagine that a judge would respond to a defendant that acted this way with โ€œOkay, fine,โ€ and inflict some kind of reaction on them. Ayn Rand, author of the titanic (in weight) and miniscule (in terms of intellectual heft) AS had what I can only think of as โ€˜sadistic naiviteโ€™.

That is to say, she was really fucking stupid and she thought the rest of us were even dumber than she was.

Much ink has been spilled on the evil of Ayn Rand and her โ€˜philosophyโ€™, Objectivism. The thing is, much of the text of Atlas Shrugged is given over to contemplating this; all of the villainous characters at various points accuse the various heroes of being evil, and said heroes introspect about this, testing out the word as an identity, with the emotional arc of the story being them deciding no, everyone else is evil.

Much less is said – and I think this is to the detriment of the discourse around the novel and Objectivism – about how she was a grade A fuckinโ€™ moron who not only had no idea how anything worked, she lacked the capacity to consider that things might have to function, and thus imagine procedures they go through. Adam Lee, in his blow-by-blow analysis of the book, expertly lays out the mistakes she and her characters make, and almost anytime she makes a practical decision, Lee points out it would either have disastrous real-life consequences (in the case of her heroes) or would actually function quite well (in the case of her villains), and indeed he often points out moments where Rand accidentally reinvents, uh, socialist policies.

I actually agree with some of her principles when theyโ€™re reduced to their most abstract – that is to say, I agree with her when she says personal happiness is the most useful guide to doing good in this world, and I think reason is the way to get there. I think whatever makes you happy – and I mean in a real, meaningful sense, not superficial pleasure but happiness – is where youโ€™ll genuinely do the most good, and I think itโ€™s important to work out rationally how to do that. Where Rand falls down for me is that she was completely lacking in self-awareness and completely irrational in chasing her goals.

Thereโ€™s inconsistency, which weโ€™re all guilty of. I consider empathy and compassion to be the highest of virtues, and I sometimes lose my temper. Thereโ€™s hypocrisy, which we can be guilty of; I consider empathy and compassion to be etc, and I know I have a mean streak in my humour. But then thereโ€™s whatever the fuck Ayn Rand was doing. It is truly incredible how sheโ€™s guilty of every single fucking thing she accuses her โ€˜lootersโ€™ of doing.

I donโ€™t mean things like her going on Social Security towards the end of her life; apparently there are genuine extenuating circumstances there, where she was quite rich at the end of her life and only took Social Security as part of her will or to retain legal control of something or something like that (it doesnโ€™t matter and I donโ€™t care). No, Iโ€™m talking about the fact that she had the unmitigated cheek to accuse everyone else of being irrational and then write a thousand pages of unchecked hysteria.

Itโ€™s obvious upon superficial examination, so Iโ€™ll articulate myself with a subtler example: itโ€™s very funny to me that her characters are apparently all business, mechanical, and scientific geniuses who can simply look at a thing and immediately know how it works and how to make it better, and yet not only are they incapable of explaining how anything works, theyโ€™re contemptuous of the idea they have to. At no point does Rand actually explain how anything here works or why her characters are better at things than everyone else.

A point of comparison: while we never learn how to cook meth goodly on Breaking Bad, we do know the characters combine ingredients and cook them, and can infer that Walt brings a level of pedantic detail and patience to the process; more specific amounts of each ingredient, a specific cook length, and of course a cleaner kitchen. Or, on Stargate: SG-1, where the characters are smart because they can spout off facts and techniques with ease. You can argue whether or not any of these qualities are โ€˜smartโ€™, but you have a basis to begin with.

Randโ€™s characters are essentially magic and expect to be taken as such – Lee refers to them as feudal lords, deities walking the earth and making decisions informed by divine right. You may notice this contradicts Randโ€™s stated atheism, but it also contradicts her idea of these people as rational; if you want to be mean (and I do), youโ€™d describe them as impulsive, but I think you could also describe them as purely intuitive. Of course, good intuition comes from experience and, often, reason; I think of the jazz greats saying greatness came from practice, practice, and practice, and then just fucking about when youโ€™re onstage. Randโ€™s characters have nothing to base their intuition on; no experience, no knowledge. In fact, she openly describes them all as geniuses from birth.


When I told people I was reading Atlas Shrugged, the near-universal reaction was that Iโ€™d lost my fucking mind, and rightly so. This is not a book I would recommend you read for pleasure; either you wonโ€™t get pleasure from it, or you will, thus forcing me to remove you from my life. It is, however, a book I recommend to writers – perhaps not beginning writers, but those whoโ€™ve churned out some work and lack some confidence in themselves. You will come away from this book marveling at your own abilities; no matter what storytelling element you choose to look at (characterization, style, structure, humour, imagination), you will do it better than Rand.

The bad structure is what gets me. Rand actually has the core of a good idea and plot; her characters are just under the primary movers and shakers in a world thatโ€™s falling apart with turbulence in their personal lives; Dagny Taggert, working under her brother Jim in their family-owned railway line*, frustrated by her brotherโ€™s incompetence; Hank Rearden, fighting against government intervention and his own increasing disdain for his wife, mother, and brother. Both are observing the world shattering around them, puzzled about why people act the way they do.

(*You may notice the apparent contradiction between Dagny being a self-made woman with an inherent genius, and her being the scion of a rich family. If I donโ€™t draw attention to contradictions and absurdities like that, itโ€™s because Adam Lee did it first and Iโ€™m trying to focus on what I believe are my original insights.)

Built on top of this are two inherently cool ideas. The first – and most famous – is the myth of John Galt; the people of Atlas Shrugged rhetorically ask โ€˜Who is John Galt?โ€™ as a way of saying something is unknowable. Dagny hears quite a few stories trying to explain John Galt that only serve to amplify the mystery. The second and marginally more subtle is the slow disappearance of business owners and creators – shops closing up, businesses being sold, and above all, people disappearing. The first scene with Dagny, all the way at the start of the book, is actually a nice one where she overhears someone humming a remarkable tune, and when she asks him where he heard it, he accidentally lets slip that it was the work of a famous composer who recently retired and vanished.

There are a lot of moments like this in the book that are between plot points, creating a cool atmosphere and hinting at a mystery that is begging to be solved. This does escalate into something resembling a real plot when Dagny finds a wonderful infinite-energy engine buried in junk, and resolves to find the person who invented it, which in an incredibly roundabout and inefficient way leads her to eventually find John Galt.

There were a few cases where reading Atlas Shrugged was something of a lightbulb moment for me, unlocking other works. 2008 was something of a Randian criticism in popular culture; I can see that both Breaking Bad and Mad Men are almost built around criticising Randโ€™s ideas, with each in its own way pointing out that building oneโ€™s life around production, domination, and the accumulation of wealth with no focus on emotional connection to others is not emotionally sustainable.

Walt may be an amoral monster, but he also sincerely loves his family and his actions have a severe emotional cost. Don at the beginning of Mad Men is the pinnacle of Randian success, but heโ€™s also driven by a desire to connect with other people, ruins his life multiple times because he feels shallow and disconnected, and indeed is visibly uncomfortable in an early scene when directly compared to Randโ€™s characters. The two shows, together, say that human beings want to connect to one another, and denying this leads to tragedy.

But the book was also clearly an influence on video games. 2008 was also the year the game Bioshock was released, a first person shooter entirely built around a satirical takedown of Ayn Rand and Atlas Shrugged in particular; its plot concerns a rich businessman who built a libertarian paradise under the sea (as opposed to in the depths of Colorado), a paradise which has been reduced to violent looting by the time you get there.

Even more interesting to me, though, is the Fallout games. This is a franchise that has seen semi-regular releases since 1997, concerning a post-apocalyptic America that retained 1950โ€™s culture for hundreds of years, even after nuclear bombs were dropped across the country. It too contains satire of Randian philosophy, though as part of a rich stew of American culture as opposed to it being the raison dโ€™รชtre like Bioshock. When reading Atlas Shrugged, I was also struck by how its plotting is very similar to how Fallout generally plots itself.

Indeed, one specific plot in the third game is eerily similar to the two plots I laid out above. One of the channels of the radio is an older man who calls himself President Eden, constantly ranting and raving about the evils of Communism and professing the true American way, something that must surely be a specific parody of the infamous John Galt Monologue towards the climax of Atlas Shrugged, given how heโ€™s also trying to stir the listener to act. You find, through exploration, that Eden is actually a superintelligent AI aiming to wipe out humanity and start over, and of course you deal with him as you wish.

Randโ€™s structural ideas were best served in the form of video games, above all other mediums. Video games at their most engaging are about someone exploring a world; much as I love many heavily cinematic games (and would argue that Metal Gear Solid is the peak of the form), games as a whole are better when treated as a world the player explores; beloved Magpie Capโ€™n Nath has said better than I could how the Axiom Verge series conveys deep and even emotionally affecting storytelling without a word of dialogue or a single cutscene.

Dagny, thereโ€™s nothing of any importance in life โ€“ except how well you do your work. Nothing. Only that. Whatever else you are, will come from that. Itโ€™s the only measure of human value. All the codes of ethics theyโ€™ll try to ram down your throat are just so much paper money put out by swindlers to fleece people of their virtues. The code of competence is the only system of morality thatโ€™s on a gold standard.

I do believe, also, that this cuts across genres; Axiom Verge is a sidescrolling beat โ€˜em up explorer – more commonly known as a Metroidvania, in reference to the two most popular examples of the genre, Metroid and Castlevania – but this same principle works in dialogue-heavy RPGs like Fallout, open world shooters like Grand Theft Auto, or corridor shooters like Left 4 Dead. The point is that video games can convey story through incidents carefully chosen to illustrate a pattern (commonly referred to as environmental storytelling in the video game world), and indeed, I think a good video game asks themselves not โ€˜what will be different in this room?โ€™ but rather โ€˜what will be the same in every room?โ€™.

Of course, where Rand fucks up is that she beats her ideas into the ground until thereโ€™s nothing but mulch, then goes further. Apparently, her favourite book in the world was Les Misรฉrables, and she replicates Victor Hugoโ€™s length whilst lacking his substance; the novel is meandering and repetitive, especially after Dagny finds John Galt, with incident after incident repeating the same points and indeed much of the same language (aside from her belief that all good people know the words โ€˜moocherโ€™ and โ€˜looterโ€™ and exactly what they mean, she radically overuses the word โ€˜nakedโ€™, to the point that I counted it six or seven times across two pages).


The other thing that gets me about Atlas Shrugged is the characterization. Ayn Rand had an absolute paucity of imagination – her three big science fiction ideas in what Iโ€™m told is a science fiction novel are a strong metal, an engine with infinite energy, and a large bomb – and nowhere is this more apparent than in her characters. You have heard that she only has two kinds of characters – extremely attractive good guys and extremely ugly bad guys – and this is simultaneously wrong in that there are, like, one or two characters more nuanced than that and wrong in that these two types of characters are spectacularly peculiar

Again, early on there is actually something of interest here (one of Leeโ€™s smaller interesting points is that Rand clearly ran out of energy and interest in the last hundred pages of the book). The first few scenes of Hank with his family perfectly capture small, neurotic people, to the point that Rand clearly must have taken these incidents from her actual life; Hankโ€™s mother mirrors some passive-aggressive neurotics Iโ€™ve known trying to manipulate people into being around them, and their criticisms of Hank sounds fair, reasonable, and most importantly like something an actual human being would say.

Thereโ€™s no way Rand invented these ideas because they very quickly fall away. The novel is at its second-most incoherent when Rand tries to explain why the villains are acting the way they do, whether thatโ€™s in the form of her omniscient third-person narrator literally explaining their thoughts or the rhetorical tactics the villains use to defend themselves. Philosophically, the only reason Rand can conceive of why people would disagree with her is because they resent her talent and drive to live, whilst they themselves are empty, useless, and desperately want to die.

Obviously, thatโ€™s not true – Lee himself represents the main bulk of her most passionate critics, who are just as perplexed that anyone would not want to help other people. It also fails to capture the way humans can mix-and-match different traits and qualities. People whose drive and ambition is to improve the quality of life of others; people whose drive and ambition is motivated by a desire to make a specific figure proud; people who want to be widely admired; people seeking a very specific outcome; and, of course, people who simply gain pleasure from the happiness of others.

Itโ€™s the tactics of her characters that are even more revealing, and itโ€™s really funny that itโ€™s behaviour that both her villains and her heroes do, because itโ€™s almost exclusively aggressive bullying. The sole action that the villains engage in is berating; they repeatedly tell (or at least ask) the heroes to โ€˜do the right thingโ€™ in the name of collective action, pummelling them with what they want and being perplexed when it doesnโ€™t work, eventually descending into long and incoherent psychological analysis projecting their insecurities onto the heroes.

The thing is, the heroes also do this, if with slightly more variety. Another layer of Randโ€™s hypocrisy is how she loudly decries the use of violence when itโ€™s also literally the only way her heroes do anything, both literally and rhetorically; they alternate between stubborn (and often stupid) one-liners and long speeches accusing their enemies of all sorts of mental instability, and the only difference is that the things the heroes do โ€˜workโ€™ and the villains fail.

The sole meaningful exception here is the secret best character in the novel, Jim Taggart. Of all the โ€˜lootersโ€™ in the novel, he gets the lionโ€™s share of the characterization, and indeed he can be seen as much of a protagonist as Dagny or Hank, with an emotional arc of his slow implosion over the course of the novel. Itโ€™s also the most sincere and affecting part of it; Jimโ€™s story is of a neurotic wannabe seething with resentment over his more successful sibling, unable to accept his own mediocrity and destroying everyone and everything in his world – up to and including himself – to run away from that.

Obviously, this was Ayn Rand explaining herself.

โ€˜Every accusation is a confessionโ€™ has been my preoccupation the last year or so; aside from it being relevant politically and topically as we watch the far-right be responsible for everything it shrieks about, itโ€™s become something that fascinates me as a deliberate choice by an artist. When I was younger, the main obstacle to my success in art was having this conception that I could control the narrative about me through it, and the idea that I could reveal things about myself was frightening. I have come around though, in that not only is unintentionally revealing things about yourself in your art inevitable and not only is that really cool, itโ€™s an effective way to interrogate your contradictions in a healthy way and, like, get over them.

Holding enormous official powers, he schemed ceaselessly to expand them, because it was expected of him by those who had pushed him into office. He had the cunning of the unintelligent and the frantic energy of the lazy.

Ayn Rand is the absurd maximum end point of confession through accusation, and Jim Taggart is the sole expression of this that becomes almost poignant (or at least pitiful). He exists in a world where people are simply magically able to achieve great things with seemingly no effort beyond the time and force of will they put in; he believes in these powers unquestioningly and is consumed by the unfairness of not having them. Again, this is something that drives all the characters; Jim simply gets the most honest and realistic expression of them, gaining a young wife with Randian ideals by his superficial imitation of Dagny (and claiming her achievements as his own) and then driving her to suicide out of rage-fuelled insecure spite.

In fact, โ€˜resentmentโ€™ is the major textual element of Atlas Shrugged. Rand could not conceive of mechanical procedures, of laws, of policies, of science fictional devices, of names that donโ€™t sound fucking stupid, of philosophy, of natural beauty; the one thing she had the ability to creatively generate in spades was seething rage at others having things she desperately wanted. There are, of course, expressions of beauty throughout the book (mostly of people she wanted to either fuck or look like) as well as expressions of ugliness, but 90% of the book is people filled with billowing anger that someone else has something that they believe themselves entitled to.

Dangy and Hank, furious at the fact that they never receive the esteem they feel entitled to, to the point of destroying the world out of spite. Jim, green with envy over Dagnyโ€™s abilities. The villains almost universally resent the heroes for their control – both materially and in their emotional self-control (despite the fact that the heroes snap at the slightest inconvenience – another Randian hypocrisy). The sole exceptions are a scientist who is supposed to be, effectively someone smart enough to think like Rand but allows himself to be destroyed for the sake of others, and Jimโ€™s wife, the sole character to be content with what she has and genuinely indifferent to what others have.


I end up thinking of HP Lovecraft. Like Rand, he had views I find rancid (even if he repudiated them at the end of his life). Like her, he had wooden dialogue that came from not really understanding people unlike himself, he had limitations that came both from his position in life and his personal psychology, and he had very specific tastes that he defended with elitism. On the other hand, unlike Rand, he surrendered to something larger than himself – in his case, genre, and more specifically horror. Lovecraft was motivated by ego as much as any of us, but he also believed that horror was something independent of himself and far more powerful, and in writing, he was serving that genre.

This led him to qualities that frequently counteracted his worse tendencies, and even found their best expression. It drove him to learn things that he could place in his stories; scientific advancements like the discovery of Antarctica or Pluto. It also led him to invent things – not just his vivid collection of supernatural creatures, but alien processes and procedures. The similarities between Lovecraft and Rand pale in comparison to their one important difference: Lovecraft was an artist and Rand wasnโ€™t.


Iโ€™ll concede something to the friends who questioned my judgement in reading Atlas Shrugged: I was filled with an unrelenting despair. My approach to criticism is really armchair psychoanalysis and amateur philosophy, and nothing except AS made me feel so foolish and ineffectual in chasing that. The fact of the matter is, many people before me have diagnosed Rand as a narcissist; AS represents as well as anything a narcissistic meltdown, threatening to burn down the entire world if youโ€™re not going to throw uncritical adulation at them 100% of the time, all day, every day.

The bullying, the sociopathy, the delight in declaring 99% of humanity as not human; many people before me have pointed out how evil and stupid this is and deconstructed Randโ€™s psychology. The humiliation that my perspective is not particularly special was bad enough; what really hurt was how ineffectual it was. So many people saw what a fucking evil idiot Rand was, right from the start; they tore into her shoddy writing with gleeful enthusiasm. But it doesnโ€™t seem to have had any effect.

This is the final, most extreme, and most ludicrous example of Randโ€™s hypocrisy: the apocalyptic future she envisioned and feared seems to be being brought aboutโ€ฆ by her philosophical descendents. Randโ€™s ruthless, self-interested capitalists are the ones stripping the world of its resources, causing the collapse of civilization and civil infrastructure for their own selfish (and frequently unqualified) selves. All those people who pointed out what a fool she was – the initial critics, the later ones like Adam Lee, Breaking Bad and Mad Men and Bioshock and Fallout – seem to have had no effect.

And yet. And yet, at no point did I ever question what I was doing. Despite the misery of actually reading this fucking book, despite the criticism I got, despite the humiliating futility of aspects of this waved in my face, and despite the limits of my own endurance (I initially planned to try and read the whole thing in one day; this proved ambitious, and progress got slower and slower until I was reading 25 pages a day), not once did I ever question the project of reading and writing about Atlas Shrugged. There are a few reasons for this. The first is simply that I am no more immune to defensive thinking than anyone else. Secondly, and I cannot stress this enough: it is just a fucking book. I have suffered far worse than a string of bad words arranged badly – the way people were talking, youโ€™d think I was licking fuckinโ€™ plutonium.

But to think is an act of choice. The key to what you so recklessly call โ€˜human nature,โ€™ the open secret you live with, yet dread to name, is the fact that man is a being of volitional consciousness. Reason does not work automatically; thinking is not a mechanical process; the connections of logic are not made by instinct. The function of your stomach, lungs or heart is automatic; the function of your mind is not. In any hour and issue of your life, you are free to think or to evade that effort. But you are not free to escape from your nature, from the fact that reason is your means of survival โ€” so that for you, who are a human being, the question โ€˜to be or not to beโ€™ is the question โ€˜to think or not to think.’โ€

The importance of this book lies not in the physical damage it does to its immediate readers, but in the way it articulates the thoughts of so many people. One thing that brought me more rational perspective on it was recognizing that Americans had a tendency towards selfish individualistic capitalism long before Rand came along; one of my favourite historical anecdotes is that, during World War II, America was the only country that had a significant minority believing that necessary oil rationing was a conspiracy to curtail individual freedom, nearly costing America their place in the war.

What I found towards the end of the book was that I was simply burning myself out of my rage. I had become so beaten down by the insufferable smug evil hypocritical stupidity that I simply accepted it, and in fact blasted through the final hundred-ish pages in one go. This has led to me able to exhibit greater emotional control around Randian thinkers; I see them and their irrational self-serving thinking with a little more emotional clear-headedness.

Like I said at the start, I do see myself in Rand in a lot of ways. Aside from the other ways Iโ€™ve described, I also admire the monomaniacal chasing of a single goal, and I also have felt anxiety over lack of achievement and resentfulness at things that seemed to come so easily to others, and I believe rational pursuit of an individual goal is the source of happiness and emotional stability (also, trains are cool). It is indeed best to react to the emotional intensity of others by remembering the goal one is actually trying to achieve. Itโ€™s just Rand found the absolute wrong way to act upon all these thoughts.

And specifically, reading books is a necessary strategy for dealing with life – particularly, once youโ€™ve established your own values, the books of people you disagree with. Tweets and posts and jokes and whatever are funny and I will enjoy them in that vein for the rest of my life, but you really canโ€™t beat a book for the full coherent thought process of another human being – one complex thought that can be felt, processed, analyzed, and then dismissed or interpolated as necessary. Even a thought as incoherent, simple, and stupid as those conceived by Ayn Rand.