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Year of the Month

The Hero With A Thousand Faces

What if the world was something to learn from?

Now, I had never actually read Joseph Campbell’s Hero With A Thousand Faces before writing it up, but it has hung over almost my entire life. I’ve always been interested in narrative theory, and so obviously I came to it pretty early in my journey, what with it being the biggest and most influential story structure of the past century. It’s definitely something I associate with Hollywood films from the 1980’s onwards, something you can largely attribute to George Lucas claiming it as an influence on Star Wars, meaning it’s influenced blockbusters – especially those aimed specifically at children. Disney films, especially those from its Renaissance era – that is to say, The Little Mermaid, The Lion King, Beauty & The Beast – directly learned from the book as well.

Its most famous innovation is that of the monomyth, more frequently referred to as the Hero’s Journey. I think many of us could actually recite it from memory: Hero receives the Call to Adventure, Hero overcomes a Threshold Guardian and crosses into a land of adventure, Hero has adventures, Hero goes into the belly of a whale, Hero is seduced by an evil woman, Hero defeats the problem (usually a villain), Hero returns home. There are also a few variations in there, like Refusal of the Call, a temporary case of the Hero not going along with the adventure before being pushed into it (see Star Wars, where Luke is initially reluctant to follow Obi-Wan until his family are murdered).

It’s interesting to me how Campbell’s work has fallen out of favour the past few decades. I think this is largely because of how its influence has turned stagnant; Campbell’s ideas were never actually meant to become a formula for storytelling, nor did he expect people to try and fit every single story to this monomyth. He was simply describing patterns he had seen and trying to find a common ground between all these different myths; emotional connections not just between Christianity, Islam, and Hindu faiths, but between his modern day of secularism and psychology with the ancient world. Much of the book is a reaction to modernity; not in a negative way, but in recognizing spiritual problems people had and trying to find solutions for them. 

I had it explained to me many years ago that there’s an essential moral element to the Hero’s Journey: the hero has to go home at the end. The world of the adventure is scary, but it’s fun-scary – paradoxically, it’s a place to safely sort out inner anxieties. You have to go back to the real world and use what you’ve learned – both skills and emotional regulation – to improve that world. Joseph Campbell doesn’t outright say this, but it’s a very clear part of his morality; the end goal, he presumes, is to become a functional member of society as opposed to an egocentric child. This is present at the end of Lord Of The Rings, where Frodo, Sam, Merry, and Pippin all become the main leaders of the Shire for a generation; it’s present at the end of Labyrinth, where Sarah has learned to be a better, less materialistic big sister; of course, it’s extremely present in The Lion King, where Simba goes from selfish child to noble king.

The problem with the Hero’s Journey in practice is how often people simply recreated the details of the journey without capturing this moral arc. This is hardly the fault of the book – like blaming cars for bad drivers – and in fact, you can see the same thing applied to postmodernist story structures and themes, as people throw in self-aware remarks with no grasp of the tone or reality of the story they’re telling. This kind of thing is less down to the tool and more down to people being, as a rule, literal-minded.

It’s interesting because I feel like a resurgence of the Hero’s Journey would be a good thing for people, especially oppressed groups. Apparently, when people pointed out to Campbell that he didn’t really have that many female examples, he agreed and observed he wasn’t the guy to point those out, hoping a woman would come along and expand on his work. I could see that going in a different way, as people create their own myths and expand upon the kinds of heroes we have – something that has largely been happening, if without the guidance of Campbell.

Because that’s what Campbell really created here – not a filter to put old stories through, nor a specific beat-for-beat structure, but a myth to grab onto. Fascinatingly, the Hero’s Journey is one of the better frameworks to filter reality through; it’s something that creates grit in people, as they face adversity knowing it’s one part of their journey to success. It’s a myth that says we go out, we face adversity, we learn, and we come back to improve our community with it, like a moral spin on the scientific method.